# Contents

LLMS index: [llms.txt](/en/llms.txt)

---

<nav class="td-book-contents" aria-label="Book contents">
  <ol class="td-book-contents__chapters">
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/01-introduction/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">1</span><span>Introduction</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#1-when-simulation-is-the-appropriate-tool">1 When Simulation Is the Appropriate Tool</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#2-when-simulation-is-not-appropriate">2 When Simulation Is Not Appropriate</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#3-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-simulation">3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Simulation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#4-areas-of-application">4 Areas of Application</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#5-some-recent-applications-of-simulation">5 Some Recent Applications of Simulation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#6-systems-and-system-environment">6 Systems and System Environment</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#7-components-of-a-system">7 Components of a System</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#8-discrete-and-continuous-systems">8 Discrete and Continuous Systems</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#9-model-of-a-system">9 Model of a System</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#10-types-of-models">10 Types of Models</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#11-discrete-event-system-simulation">11 Discrete-Event System Simulation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#12-steps-in-a-simulation-study">12 Steps in a Simulation Study</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#references">References</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/01-introduction/#exercises">Exercises</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">2</span><span>Simulation Examples in a Spreadsheet</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#1-the-basics-of-spreadsheet-simulation">1 The Basics of Spreadsheet Simulation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#2-a-coin-tossing-game">2 A Coin Tossing Game</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#3-queueing-simulation-in-a-spreadsheet">3 Queueing Simulation in a Spreadsheet</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#4-inventory-simulation-in-a-spreadsheet">4 Inventory Simulation in a Spreadsheet</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#5-other-examples-of-simulation">5 Other Examples of Simulation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#6-summary">6 Summary</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#simulation-examples-in-a-spreadsheet">Simulation Examples in a Spreadsheet</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#exercises-based-on-the-spreadsheet-examples">Exercises based on the Spreadsheet Examples</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/02-simulation-examples/#list-of-materials-available-on">List of Materials Available on www.bcnn.net</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/03-general-principles/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">3</span><span>General Principles</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/03-general-principles/#1-concepts-in-discrete-event-simulation">1 Concepts in Discrete-Event Simulation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/03-general-principles/#2-list-processing">2 List Processing</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/03-general-principles/#general-principles">General Principles</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/03-general-principles/#3-summary">3 Summary</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/03-general-principles/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/03-general-principles/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">4</span><span>Simulation Software</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/#1-history-of-simulation-software">1 History of Simulation Software</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/#2-selection-of-simulation-software">2 Selection of Simulation Software</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/#3-an-example-simulation">3 An Example Simulation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/#4-simulation-in-java">4 Simulation in Java</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/#5-simulation-in-gpss">5 Simulation in GPSS</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/#6-simulation-in-ssf">6 Simulation in SSF</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/#7-simulation-environments">7 Simulation Environments</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/#8-experimentation-and-statistical-analysis-tools">8 Experimentation and Statistical-Analysis Tools</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/04-simulation-software/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">5</span><span>Statistical Models in Simulation</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/#1-review-of-terminology-and-concepts">1 Review of Terminology and Concepts</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/#statistical-models-in-simulation">Statistical Models in Simulation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/#2-useful-statistical-models">2 Useful Statistical Models</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/#3-discrete-distributions">3 Discrete Distributions</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/#4-continuous-distributions">4 Continuous Distributions</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/#5-poisson-process">5 Poisson Process</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/#6-empirical-distributions">6 Empirical Distributions</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/#7-summary">7 Summary</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/05-statistical-models/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/06-queueing-models/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">6</span><span>Queueing Models</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/06-queueing-models/#1-characteristics-of-queueing-systems">1 Characteristics of Queueing Systems</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/06-queueing-models/#2-queueing-notation">2 Queueing Notation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/06-queueing-models/#3-long-run-measures-of-performance-of-queueing-systems">3 Long-Run Measures of Performance of Queueing Systems</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/06-queueing-models/#4-steady-state-behavior-of-infinite-population-markovian-models">4 Steady-State Behavior of Infinite-Population Markovian Models</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/06-queueing-models/#6-networks-of-queues">6 Networks of Queues</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/06-queueing-models/#7-rough-cut-modeling-an-illustration">7 Rough-cut Modeling: An Illustration</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/06-queueing-models/#8-summary">8 Summary</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/06-queueing-models/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/06-queueing-models/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/07-random-number-generation/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">7</span><span>Random-Number Generation</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/07-random-number-generation/#1-properties-of-random-numbers">1 Properties of Random Numbers</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/07-random-number-generation/#2-generation-of-pseudo-random-numbers">2 Generation of Pseudo-Random Numbers</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/07-random-number-generation/#3-techniques-for-generating-random-numbers">3 Techniques for Generating Random Numbers</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/07-random-number-generation/#4-tests-for-random-numbers">4 Tests for Random Numbers</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/07-random-number-generation/#5-summary">5 Summary</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/07-random-number-generation/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/07-random-number-generation/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/08-random-variate-generation/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">8</span><span>Random-Variate Generation</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/08-random-variate-generation/#1-inverse-transform-technique">1 Inverse-Transform Technique</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/08-random-variate-generation/#2-acceptance-rejection-technique">2 Acceptance-Rejection Technique</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/08-random-variate-generation/#3-special-properties">3 Special Properties</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/08-random-variate-generation/#4-summary">4 Summary</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/08-random-variate-generation/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/08-random-variate-generation/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/09-input-modeling/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">9</span><span>Input Modeling</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/09-input-modeling/#1-data-collection">1 Data Collection</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/09-input-modeling/#2-identifying-the-distribution-with-data">2 Identifying the Distribution with Data</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/09-input-modeling/#3-parameter-estimation">3 Parameter Estimation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/09-input-modeling/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/09-input-modeling/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/10-verification-validation/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">10</span><span>Verification and Validation of Simulation Models</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/10-verification-validation/#1-model-building-verification-and-validation">1 Model Building, Verification, and Validation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/10-verification-validation/#2-verification-of-simulation-models">2 Verification of Simulation Models</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/10-verification-validation/#3-calibration-and-validation-of-models">3 Calibration and Validation of Models</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/10-verification-validation/#4-summary">4 Summary</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/10-verification-validation/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/10-verification-validation/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/11-absolute-performance/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">11</span><span>Estimation of Absolute Performance</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/11-absolute-performance/#1-types-of-simulations-with-respect-to-output-analysis">1 Types of Simulations with Respect to Output Analysis</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/11-absolute-performance/#2-stochastic-nature-of-output-data">2 Stochastic Nature of Output Data</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/11-absolute-performance/#3-absolute-measures-of-performance-and-their-estimation">3 Absolute Measures of Performance and Their Estimation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/11-absolute-performance/#4-output-analysis-for-terminating-simulations">4 Output Analysis for Terminating Simulations</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/11-absolute-performance/#5-output-analysis-for-steady-state-simulations">5 Output Analysis for Steady-State Simulations</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/11-absolute-performance/#6-summary">6 Summary</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/11-absolute-performance/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/11-absolute-performance/#estimation-of-absolute-performance">Estimation of Absolute Performance</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/11-absolute-performance/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/12-relative-performance/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">12</span><span>Estimation of Relative Performance</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/12-relative-performance/#1-comparison-of-two-system-designs">1 Comparison of Two System Designs</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/12-relative-performance/#2-comparison-of-several-system-designs">2 Comparison of Several System Designs</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/12-relative-performance/#3-metamodeling">3 Metamodeling</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/12-relative-performance/#4-optimization-via-simulation">4 Optimization via Simulation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/12-relative-performance/#5-summary">5 Summary</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/12-relative-performance/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/12-relative-performance/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/12-relative-performance/#list-of-materials-available-on">List of Materials Available on www.bcnn.net</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="td-book-contents__chapter">
      <a class="td-book-contents__title" href="/en/book/13-manufacturing-systems/"><span class="td-book-contents__num">13</span><span>Simulation of Manufacturing and Material-Handling Systems</span>
      </a>
      <ul class="td-book-contents__sections">
        <li><a href="/en/book/13-manufacturing-systems/#1-manufacturing-and-material-handling-simulations">1 Manufacturing and Material-Handling Simulations</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/13-manufacturing-systems/#2-goals-and-performance-measures">2 Goals and Performance Measures</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/13-manufacturing-systems/#3-issues-in-manufacturing-and-material-handling-simulations">3 Issues in Manufacturing and Material-Handling Simulations</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/13-manufacturing-systems/#4-case-studies-of-the-simulation-of-manufacturing-and-material-handling-systems">4 Case Studies of the Simulation of Manufacturing and Material Handling Systems</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/13-manufacturing-systems/#5-manufacturing-example-an-assembly-line-simulation">5 Manufacturing Example: An Assembly-line Simulation</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/13-manufacturing-systems/#6-summary">6 Summary</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/13-manufacturing-systems/#references">REFERENCES</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/book/13-manufacturing-systems/#exercises">EXERCISES</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ol>
</nav>

---

Section pages:

- [Introduction](/en/book/01-introduction/)
- [Simulation Examples in a Spreadsheet](/en/book/02-simulation-examples/)
- [General Principles](/en/book/03-general-principles/)
- [Simulation Software](/en/book/04-simulation-software/)
- [Statistical Models in Simulation](/en/book/05-statistical-models/)
- [Queueing Models](/en/book/06-queueing-models/)
- [Random-Number Generation](/en/book/07-random-number-generation/)
- [Random-Variate Generation](/en/book/08-random-variate-generation/)
- [Input Modeling](/en/book/09-input-modeling/)
- [Verification and Validation of Simulation Models](/en/book/10-verification-validation/)
- [Estimation of Absolute Performance](/en/book/11-absolute-performance/)
- [Estimation of Relative Performance](/en/book/12-relative-performance/)
- [Simulation of Manufacturing and Material-Handling Systems](/en/book/13-manufacturing-systems/)